论语(英文版)-第19部分

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　　the　philosopher　tsang　said；　〃i　have　heard　this　from　our　master：…'the　filialpiety　of　mang　chwang；　in　other　matters；　was　what　other　men　are　petent　to；　but；as　seen　in　his　not　changing　the　ministers　of　his　father；　nor　his　father's　modeof　government；　it　is　difficult　to　be　attained　to。'〃
　　the　chief　of　the　mang　family　having　appointed　yang　fu　to　be　chief　criminaljudge；　the　latter　consulted　the　philosopher　tsang。　tsang　said；　〃the　rulers　havefailed　in　their　duties；　and　the　people　consequently　have　been　disorganized　for　along　time。　when　you　have　found　out　the　truth　of　any　accusation；　be　grieved　forand　pity　them；　and　do　not　feel　joy　at　your　own　ability。〃
　　tsze…kung　said；　〃chau's　wickedness　was　not　so　great　as　that　name　implies。therefore；　the　superior　man　hates　to　dwell　in　a　low…lying　situation；　where　allthe　evil　of　the　world　will　flow　in　upon　him。〃
　　tsze…kung　said；　〃the　faults　of　the　superior　man　are　like　the　eclipses　of　thesun　and　moon。　he　has　his　faults；　and　all　men　see　them；　he　changes　again；　and　allmen　look　up　to　him。〃
　　kung…sun　ch'ao　of　wei　asked　tszekung；　saying。　〃from　whom　did　chung…ni　gethis　learning？〃
　　tsze…kung　replied；　〃the　doctrines　of　wan　and　wu　have　not　yet　fallen　to　theground。　they　are　to　be　found　among　men。　men　of　talents　and　virtue　remember　thegreater　principles　of　them；　and　others；　not　possessing　such　talents　and　virtue；remember　the　smaller。　thus；　all　possess　the　doctrines　of　wan　and　wu。　where　couldour　master　go　that　he　should　not　have　an　opportunity　of　learning　them？　and　yetwhat　necessity　was　there　for　his　having　a　regular　master？〃
　　shu…sun　wu…shu　observed　to　the　great　officers　in　the　court；　saying；　〃tsze…kung　is　superior　to　chung…ni。〃
　　tsze…fu　ching…po　reported　the　observation　to　tsze…kung；　who　said；　〃let　meuse　the　parison　of　a　house　and　its　enpassing　wall。　my　wall　only　reaches　tothe　shoulders。　one　may　peep　over　it；　and　see　whatever　is　valuable　in　theapartments。
　　〃the　wall　of　my　master　is　several　fathoms　high。　if　one　do　not　find　the　doorand　enter　by　it；　he　cannot　see　the　ancestral　temple　with　its　beauties；　nor　allthe　officers　in　their　rich　array。
　　〃but　i　may　assume　that　they　are　few　who　find　the　door。　was　not　theobservation　of　the　chief　only　what　might　have　been　expected？〃
　　shu…sun　wu…shu　having　spoken　revilingly　of　chung…ni；　tsze…kung　said；　〃it　isof　no　use　doing　so。　chung…ni　cannot　be　reviled。　the　talents　and　virtue　of　othermen　are　hillocks　and　mounds　which　may　be　stepped　over。　chung…ni　is　the　sun　ormoon；　which　it　is　not　possible　to　step　over。　although　a　man　may　wish　to　cuthimself　off　from　the　sage；　what　harm　can　he　do　to　the　sun　or　moon？　he　only　showsthat　he　does　not　know　his　own　capacity。
　　ch'an　tsze…ch'　in；　addressing　tsze…kung；　said；　〃you　are　too　modest。　how　canchung…ni　be　said　to　be　superior　to　you？〃
　　tsze…kung　said　to　him；　〃for　one　word　a　man　is　often　deemed　to　be　wise；　andfor　one　word　he　is　often　deemed　to　be　foolish。　we　ought　to　be　careful　indeed　inwhat　we　say。
　　〃our　master　cannot　be　attained　to；　just　in　the　same　way　as　the　heavenscannot　be　gone　up　by　the　steps　of　a　stair。
　　〃were　our　master　in　the　position　of　the　ruler　of　a　state　or　the　chief　of　afamily；　we　should　find　verified　the　description　which　has　been　given　of　a　sage'srule：…he　would　plant　the　people；　and　forthwith　they　would　be　established；　hewould　lead　them　on；　and　forthwith　they　would　follow　him；　he　would　make　themhappy；　and　forthwith　multitudes　would　resort　to　his　dominions；　he　wouldstimulate　them；　and　forthwith　they　would　be　harmonious。　while　he　lived；　he　wouldbe　glorious。　when　he　died；　he　would　be　bitterly　lamented。　how　is　it　possible　forhim　to　be　attained　to？〃
　　20
　　yao　said；　〃oh！　you；　shun；　the　heaven…determined　order　of　succession　nowrests　in　your　person。　sincerely　hold　fast　the　due　mean。　if　there　shall　bedistress　and　want　within　the　four　seas；　the　heavenly　revenue　will　e　to　aperpetual　end。〃
　　shun　also　used　the　same　language　in　giving　charge　to　yu。
　　t'ang　said；　〃i　the　child　li；　presume　to　use　a　dark…colored　victim；　andpresume　to　announce　to　thee；　o　most　great　and　sovereign　god；　that　the　sinner　idare　not　pardon；　and　thy　ministers；　o　god；　i　do　not　keep　in　obscurity。　theexamination　of　them　is　by　thy　mind；　o　god。　if；　in　my　person；　i　mit　offenses；they　are　not　to　be　attributed　to　you；　the　people　of　the　myriad　regions。　if　youin　the　myriad　regions　mit　offenses；　these　offenses　must　rest　on　my　person。〃
　　chau　conferred　great　gifts；　and　the　good　were　enriched。
　　〃although　he　has　his　near　relatives；　they　are　not　equal　to　my　virtuous　men。the　people　are　throwing　blame　upon　me；　the　one　man。〃
　　he　carefully　attended　to　the　weights　and　measures；　examined　the　body　of　thelaws；　restored　the　discarded　officers；　and　the　good　government　of　the　kingdomtook　its　course。
　　he　revived　states　that　had　been　extinguished；　restored　families　whose　lineof　succession　had　been　broken；　and　called　to　office　those　who　had　retired　intoobscurity；　so　that　throughout　the　kingdom　the　hearts　of　the　people　turnedtowards　him。
　　what　he　attached　chief　importance　to　were　the　food　of　the　people；　the　dutiesof　mourning；　and　sacrifices。
　　by　his　generosity；　he　won　all。　by　his　sincerity；　he　made　the　people　reposetrust　in　him。　by　his　earnest　activity；　his　achievements　were　great。　by　hisjustice；　all　were　delighted。
　　tsze…chang　asked　confucius；　saying；　〃in　what　way　should　a　person　inauthority　act　in　order　that　he　may　conduct　government　properly？〃　the　masterreplied；　〃let　him　honor　the　five　excellent；　and　banish　away　the　four　bad；things；…then　may　he　conduct　government　properly。〃　tsze…chang　said；　〃what　aremeant　by　the　five　excellent　things？〃　the　master　said；　〃when　the　person　inauthority　is　beneficent　without　great　expenditure；　when　he　lays　tasks　on　thepeople　without　their　repining；　when　he　pursues　what　he　desires　without　beingcovetous；　when　he　maintains　a　dignified　ease　without　being　proud；　when　he　ismajestic　without　being　fierce。〃
　　tsze…chang　said；　〃what　is　meant　by　being　beneficent　without　greatexpenditure？〃　the　master　replied；　〃when　the　person　in　authority　makes　morebeneficial　to　the　people　the　things　from　which　they　naturally　derive　benefit；…isnot　this　being　beneficent　without　great　expenditure？　when　he　chooses　the　laborswhich　are　proper；　and　makes　them　labor　on　them；　who　will　repine？　when　hisdesires　are　set　on　benevolent　government；　and　he　secures　it；　who　will　accuse　himof　covetousness？　whether　he　has　to　do　with　many　people　or　few；　or　with　thingsgreat　or　small；　he　does　not　dare　to　indicate　any　disrespect；…is　not　this　tomaintain　a　dignified　ease　without　any　pride？　he　adjusts　his　clothes　and　cap；　andthrows　a　dignity　into　his　looks；　so　that；　thus　dignified；　he　is　looked　at　withawe；…is　not　this　to　be　majestic　without　being　fierce？〃
　　tsze…chang　then　asked；　〃what　are　meant　by　the　four　bad　things？〃　the　mastersaid；　〃to　put　the　people　to　death　without　having　instructed　them；…this　is　calledcruelty。　to　require　from　them；　suddenly；　the　full　tale　of　work；　without　havinggiven　them　warning；…this　is　called　oppression。　to　issue　orders　as　if　withouturgency；　at　first；　and；　when　the　time　es；　to　insist　on　them　with　severity；…this　is　called　injury。　and；　generally；　in　the　giving　pay　or　rewards　to　men；　todo　it　in　a　stingy　way；…this　is　called　acting　the　part　of　a　mere　official。〃
　　the　master　said；　〃without　recognizing　the　ordinances　of　heaven；　it　isimpossible　to　be　a　superior　man。
　　〃without　an　acquaintance　with　the　rules　of　propriety；　it　is　impossible　forthe　character　to　be　established。
　　〃without　knowing　the　force　of　words；　it　is　impossible　to　know　men。〃
　　（The　End）