¾ÅζÊéÎÝ > ÎÄѧ¾­¹Üµç×ÓÊé > the+critique+of+practical+reason >

µÚ11²¿·Ö

the+critique+of+practical+reason-µÚ11²¿·Ö

С˵£º the+critique+of+practical+reason ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡



as¡¡in¡¡the¡¡main¡¡basis¡¡of¡¡his¡¡character£»¡¡at¡¡least¡¡in¡¡some¡¡degree£»
morally¡¡good£»¡¡just¡¡as¡¡he¡¡who¡¡is¡¡pleased¡¡with¡¡the¡¡consciousness¡¡of
right¡¡conduct¡¡must¡¡be¡¡conceived¡¡as¡¡already¡¡virtuous¡£¡¡The¡¡notion¡¡of
morality¡¡and¡¡duty¡¡must£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡have¡¡preceded¡¡any¡¡regard¡¡to¡¡this
satisfaction£»¡¡and¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡derived¡¡from¡¡it¡£¡¡A¡¡man¡¡must¡¡first
appreciate¡¡the¡¡importance¡¡of¡¡what¡¡we¡¡call¡¡duty£»¡¡the¡¡authority¡¡of¡¡the
moral¡¡law£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡immediate¡¡dignity¡¡which¡¡the¡¡following¡¡of¡¡it¡¡gives
to¡¡the¡¡person¡¡in¡¡his¡¡own¡¡eyes£»¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡feel¡¡that¡¡satisfaction¡¡in
the¡¡consciousness¡¡of¡¡his¡¡conformity¡¡to¡¡it¡¡and¡¡the¡¡bitter¡¡remorse
that¡¡acpanies¡¡the¡¡consciousness¡¡of¡¡its¡¡transgression¡£¡¡It¡¡is£»
therefore£»¡¡impossible¡¡to¡¡feel¡¡this¡¡satisfaction¡¡or¡¡dissatisfaction
prior¡¡to¡¡the¡¡knowledge¡¡of¡¡obligation£»¡¡or¡¡to¡¡make¡¡it¡¡the¡¡basis¡¡of¡¡the
latter¡£¡¡A¡¡man¡¡must¡¡be¡¡at¡¡least¡¡half¡¡honest¡¡in¡¡order¡¡even¡¡to¡¡be¡¡able¡¡to
form¡¡a¡¡conception¡¡of¡¡these¡¡feelings¡£¡¡I¡¡do¡¡not¡¡deny¡¡that¡¡as¡¡the¡¡human
will¡¡is£»¡¡by¡¡virtue¡¡of¡¡liberty£»¡¡capable¡¡of¡¡being¡¡immediately¡¡determined
by¡¡the¡¡moral¡¡law£»¡¡so¡¡frequent¡¡practice¡¡in¡¡accordance¡¡with¡¡this
principle¡¡of¡¡determination¡¡can£»¡¡at¡¡least£»¡¡produce¡¡subjectively¡¡a
feeling¡¡of¡¡satisfaction£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡contrary£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡a¡¡duty¡¡to¡¡establish
and¡¡to¡¡cultivate¡¡this£»¡¡which¡¡alone¡¡deserves¡¡to¡¡be¡¡called¡¡properly
the¡¡moral¡¡feeling£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡notion¡¡of¡¡duty¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡derived¡¡from¡¡it£»
else¡¡we¡¡should¡¡have¡¡to¡¡suppose¡¡a¡¡feeling¡¡for¡¡the¡¡law¡¡as¡¡such£»¡¡and¡¡thus
make¡¡that¡¡an¡¡object¡¡of¡¡sensation¡¡which¡¡can¡¡only¡¡be¡¡thought¡¡by¡¡the
reason£»¡¡and¡¡this£»¡¡if¡¡it¡¡is¡¡not¡¡to¡¡be¡¡a¡¡flat¡¡contradiction£»¡¡would
destroy¡¡all¡¡notion¡¡of¡¡duty¡¡and¡¡put¡¡in¡¡its¡¡place¡¡a¡¡mere¡¡mechanical¡¡play
of¡¡refined¡¡inclinations¡¡sometimes¡¡contending¡¡with¡¡the¡¡coarser¡£
¡¡¡¡If¡¡now¡¡we¡¡pare¡¡our¡¡formal¡¡supreme¡¡principle¡¡of¡¡pure¡¡practical
reason¡¡£¨that¡¡of¡¡autonomy¡¡of¡¡the¡¡will£©¡¡with¡¡all¡¡previous¡¡material
principles¡¡of¡¡morality£»¡¡we¡¡can¡¡exhibit¡¡them¡¡all¡¡in¡¡a¡¡table¡¡in¡¡which
all¡¡possible¡¡cases¡¡are¡¡exhausted£»¡¡except¡¡the¡¡one¡¡formal¡¡principle£»¡¡and
thus¡¡we¡¡can¡¡show¡¡visibly¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡vain¡¡to¡¡look¡¡for¡¡any¡¡other
principle¡¡than¡¡that¡¡now¡¡proposed¡£¡¡In¡¡fact¡¡all¡¡possible¡¡principles¡¡of
determination¡¡of¡¡the¡¡will¡¡are¡¡either¡¡merely¡¡subjective£»¡¡and
therefore¡¡empirical£»¡¡or¡¡are¡¡also¡¡objective¡¡and¡¡rational£»¡¡and¡¡both
are¡¡either¡¡external¡¡or¡¡internal¡£

¡¡¡¡Practical¡¡Material¡¡Principles¡¡of¡¡Determination¡¡taken¡¡as¡¡the
Foundation¡¡of¡¡Morality£»¡¡are£º

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SUBJECTIVE¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡EXTERNAL¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡INTERNAL
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Education¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Physical¡¡feeling
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨Montaigne£©¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨Epicurus£©
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡civil¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Moral¡¡feeling
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Constitution¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨Hutcheson£©
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨Mandeville£©

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡OBJECTIVE¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡INTERNAL¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡EXTERNAL
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Perfection¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Will¡¡of¡¡God
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨Wolf¡¡and¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨Crusius¡¡and¡¡other
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Stoics£©¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡theological¡¡Moralists£©

¡¡¡¡Those¡¡of¡¡the¡¡upper¡¡table¡¡are¡¡all¡¡empirical¡¡and¡¡evidently¡¡incapable
of¡¡furnishing¡¡the¡¡universal¡¡principle¡¡of¡¡morality£»¡¡but¡¡those¡¡in¡¡the
lower¡¡table¡¡are¡¡based¡¡on¡¡reason¡¡£¨for¡¡perfection¡¡as¡¡a¡¡quality¡¡of
things£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡highest¡¡perfection¡¡conceived¡¡as¡¡substance£»¡¡that¡¡is£»
God£»¡¡can¡¡only¡¡be¡¡thought¡¡by¡¡means¡¡of¡¡rational¡¡concepts£©¡£¡¡But¡¡the
former¡¡notion£»¡¡namely£»¡¡that¡¡of¡¡perfection£»¡¡may¡¡either¡¡be¡¡taken¡¡in¡¡a
theoretic¡¡signification£»¡¡and¡¡then¡¡it¡¡means¡¡nothing¡¡but¡¡the
pleteness¡¡of¡¡each¡¡thing¡¡in¡¡its¡¡own¡¡kind¡¡£¨transcendental£©£»¡¡or¡¡that
of¡¡a¡¡thing¡¡merely¡¡as¡¡a¡¡thing¡¡£¨metaphysical£©£»¡¡and¡¡with¡¡that¡¡we¡¡are
not¡¡concerned¡¡here¡£¡¡But¡¡the¡¡notion¡¡of¡¡perfection¡¡in¡¡a¡¡practical
sense¡¡is¡¡the¡¡fitness¡¡or¡¡sufficiency¡¡of¡¡a¡¡thing¡¡for¡¡all¡¡sorts¡¡of
purposes¡£¡¡This¡¡perfection£»¡¡as¡¡a¡¡quality¡¡of¡¡man¡¡and¡¡consequently
internal£»¡¡is¡¡nothing¡¡but¡¡talent¡¡and£»¡¡what¡¡strengthens¡¡or¡¡pletes
this£»¡¡skill¡£¡¡Supreme¡¡perfection¡¡conceived¡¡as¡¡substance£»¡¡that¡¡is¡¡God£»
and¡¡consequently¡¡external¡¡£¨considered¡¡practically£©£»¡¡is¡¡the¡¡sufficiency
of¡¡this¡¡being¡¡for¡¡all¡¡ends¡£¡¡Ends¡¡then¡¡must¡¡first¡¡be¡¡given£»
relatively¡¡to¡¡which¡¡only¡¡can¡¡the¡¡notion¡¡of¡¡perfection¡¡£¨whether
internal¡¡in¡¡ourselves¡¡or¡¡external¡¡in¡¡God£©¡¡be¡¡the¡¡determining¡¡principle
of¡¡the¡¡will¡£¡¡But¡¡an¡¡end¡­¡¡being¡¡an¡¡object¡¡which¡¡must¡¡precede¡¡the
determination¡¡of¡¡the¡¡will¡¡by¡¡a¡¡practical¡¡rule¡¡and¡¡contain¡¡the¡¡ground
of¡¡the¡¡possibility¡¡of¡¡this¡¡determination£»¡¡and¡¡therefore¡¡contain¡¡also
the¡¡matter¡¡of¡¡the¡¡will£»¡¡taken¡¡as¡¡its¡¡determining¡¡principle¡­¡¡such¡¡an
end¡¡is¡¡always¡¡empirical¡¡and£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡may¡¡serve¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Epicurean
principle¡¡of¡¡the¡¡happiness¡¡theory£»¡¡but¡¡not¡¡for¡¡the¡¡pure¡¡rational
principle¡¡of¡¡morality¡¡and¡¡duty¡£¡¡Thus£»¡¡talents¡¡and¡¡the¡¡improvement¡¡of
them£»¡¡because¡¡they¡¡contribute¡¡to¡¡the¡¡advantages¡¡of¡¡life£»¡¡or¡¡the¡¡will
of¡¡God£»¡¡if¡¡agreement¡¡with¡¡it¡¡be¡¡taken¡¡as¡¡the¡¡object¡¡of¡¡the¡¡will£»
without¡¡any¡¡antecedent¡¡independent¡¡practical¡¡principle£»¡¡can¡¡be¡¡motives
only¡¡by¡¡reason¡¡of¡¡the¡¡happiness¡¡expected¡¡therefrom¡£¡¡Hence¡¡it
follows£»¡¡first£»¡¡that¡¡all¡¡the¡¡principles¡¡here¡¡stated¡¡are¡¡material£»
secondly£»¡¡that¡¡they¡¡include¡¡all¡¡possible¡¡material¡¡principles£»¡¡and£»
finally£»¡¡the¡¡conclusion£»¡¡that¡¡since¡¡material¡¡principles¡¡are¡¡quite
incapable¡¡of¡¡furnishing¡¡the¡¡supreme¡¡moral¡¡law¡¡£¨as¡¡has¡¡been¡¡shown£©£»¡¡the
formal¡¡practical¡¡principle¡¡the¡¡pure¡¡reason¡¡£¨according¡¡to¡¡which¡¡the
mere¡¡form¡¡of¡¡a¡¡universal¡¡legislation¡¡must¡¡constitute¡¡the¡¡supreme¡¡and
immediate¡¡determining¡¡principle¡¡of¡¡the¡¡will£©¡¡is¡¡the¡¡only¡¡one
possible¡¡which¡¡is¡¡adequate¡¡to¡¡furnish¡¡categorical¡¡imperatives£»¡¡that
is£»¡¡practical¡¡laws¡¡£¨which¡¡make¡¡actions¡¡a¡¡duty£©£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡general¡¡to
serve¡¡as¡¡the¡¡principle¡¡of¡¡morality£»¡¡both¡¡in¡¡criticizing¡¡conduct¡¡and
also¡¡in¡¡its¡¡application¡¡to¡¡the¡¡human¡¡will¡¡to¡¡determine¡¡it¡£

¡¡¡¡I¡£¡¡Of¡¡the¡¡Deduction¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Fundamental¡¡Principles¡¡of¡¡Pure
Practical¡¡Reason¡£

¡¡¡¡This¡¡Analytic¡¡shows¡¡that¡¡pure¡¡reason¡¡can¡¡be¡¡practical£»¡¡that¡¡is£»
can¡¡of¡¡itself¡¡determine¡¡the¡¡will¡¡independently¡¡of¡¡anything
empirical£»¡¡and¡¡this¡¡it¡¡proves¡¡by¡¡a¡¡fact¡¡in¡¡which¡¡pure¡¡reason¡¡in¡¡us
proves¡¡itself¡¡actually¡¡practical£»¡¡namely£»¡¡the¡¡autonomy¡¡shown¡¡in¡¡the
fundamental¡¡principle¡¡of¡¡morality£»¡¡by¡¡which¡¡reason¡¡determines¡¡the¡¡will
to¡¡action¡£
¡¡¡¡It¡¡shows¡¡at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time¡¡that¡¡this¡¡fact¡¡is¡¡inseparably¡¡connected
with¡¡the¡¡consciousness¡¡of¡¡freedom¡¡of¡¡the¡¡will£»¡¡nay£»¡¡is¡¡identical
with¡¡it£»¡¡and¡¡by¡¡this¡¡the¡¡will¡¡of¡¡a¡¡rational¡¡being£»¡¡although¡¡as
belonging¡¡to¡¡the¡¡world¡¡of¡¡sense¡¡it¡¡recognizes¡¡itself¡¡as¡¡necessarily
subject¡¡to¡¡the¡¡laws¡¡of¡¡causality¡¡like¡¡other¡¡efficient¡¡causes£»¡¡yet£»
at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time£»¡¡on¡¡another¡¡side£»¡¡namely£»¡¡as¡¡a¡¡being¡¡in¡¡itself£»¡¡is
conscious¡¡of¡¡existing¡¡in¡¡and¡¡being¡¡determined¡¡by¡¡an¡¡intelligible¡¡order
of¡¡things£»¡¡conscious¡¡not¡¡by¡¡virtue¡¡of¡¡a¡¡special¡¡intuition¡¡of¡¡itself£»
but¡¡by¡¡virtue¡¡of¡¡certain¡¡dynamical¡¡laws¡¡which¡¡determine¡¡its
causality¡¡in¡¡the¡¡sensible¡¡world£»¡¡for¡¡it¡¡has¡¡been¡¡elsewhere¡¡proved¡¡that
if¡¡freedom¡¡is¡¡predicated¡¡of¡¡us£»¡¡it¡¡transports¡¡us¡¡into¡¡an
intelligible¡¡order¡¡of¡¡things¡£
¡¡¡¡Now£»¡¡if¡¡we¡¡pare¡¡with¡¡this¡¡the¡¡analytical¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡critique
of¡¡pure¡¡speculative¡¡reason£»¡¡we¡¡shall¡¡see¡¡a¡¡remarkable¡¡contrast¡£
There¡¡it¡¡was¡¡not¡¡fundamental¡¡principles£»¡¡but¡¡pure£»¡¡sensible
intuition¡¡£¨space¡¡and¡¡time£©£»¡¡that¡¡was¡¡the¡¡first¡¡datum¡¡that¡¡made¡¡a
priori¡¡knowledge¡¡possible£»¡¡though¡¡only¡¡of¡¡objects¡¡of¡¡the¡¡senses¡£
Synthetical¡¡principles¡¡could¡¡not¡¡be¡¡derived¡¡from¡¡mere¡¡concepts¡¡without
intuition£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡contrary£»¡¡they¡¡could¡¡only¡¡exist¡¡with¡¡reference¡¡to
this¡¡intuition£»¡¡and¡¡therefore¡¡to¡¡objects¡¡of¡¡possible¡¡experience£»¡¡since
it¡¡is¡¡the¡¡concepts¡¡of¡¡the¡¡understanding£»¡¡united¡¡with¡¡this¡¡intuition£»
which¡¡alone¡¡make¡¡that¡¡knowledge¡¡possible¡¡which¡¡we¡¡call¡¡experience¡£
Beyond¡¡objects¡¡of¡¡experience£»¡¡and¡¡therefore¡¡with¡¡regard¡¡to¡¡things¡¡as
noumena£»¡¡all¡¡positive¡¡knowledge¡¡was¡¡rightly¡¡disclaimed¡¡for¡¡speculative
reason¡£¡¡This¡¡reason£»¡¡however£»¡¡went¡¡so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡to¡¡establish¡¡with
certainty¡¡the¡¡concept¡¡of¡¡noumena£»¡¡that¡¡is£»¡¡the¡¡possibility£»¡¡nay£»¡¡the
necessity£»¡¡of¡¡thinking¡¡them£»¡¡for¡¡example£»¡¡it¡¡showed¡¡against¡¡all
objections¡¡that¡¡the¡¡supposition¡¡of¡¡freedom£»¡¡negatively¡¡considered£»¡¡was
quite¡¡consistent¡¡with¡¡those¡¡principles¡¡and¡¡limitations¡¡of¡¡pure
theoretic¡¡reason¡£¡¡But¡¡it¡¡could¡¡not¡¡give¡¡us¡¡any¡¡definite¡¡enlargement¡¡of
our¡¡knowledge¡¡with¡¡respect¡¡to¡¡such¡¡objects£»¡¡but£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡contrary£»
cut¡¡off¡¡all¡¡view¡¡of¡¡them¡¡altogether¡£
¡¡¡¡On¡¡the¡¡other¡¡hand£»¡¡the¡¡moral¡¡law£»¡¡although¡¡it¡¡gives¡¡no¡¡view£»¡¡yet
gives¡¡us¡¡a¡¡fact¡¡absolutely¡¡inexplicable¡¡from¡¡any¡¡data¡¡of¡¡the
sensible¡¡world£»¡¡

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ