the+critique+of+practical+reason-第24部分

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moral　disposition　with　regard　directly　to　our　duties　towards　men；
and　to　check；　or　if　possible　prevent；　a　merely　moral　fanaticism
which　infects　many　persons。　The　stage　of　morality　on　which　man　（and；
as　far　as　we　can　see；　every　rational　creature）　stands　is　respect　for
the　moral　law。　The　disposition　that　he　ought　to　have　in　obeying　this
is　to　obey　it　from　duty；　not　from　spontaneous　inclination；　or　from
an　endeavour　taken　up　from　liking　and　unbidden；　and　this　proper
moral　condition　in　which　he　can　always　be　is　virtue；　that　is；　moral
disposition　militant；　and　not　holiness　in　the　fancied　possession　of
a　perfect　purity　of　the　disposition　of　the　will。　It　is　nothing　but
moral　fanaticism　and　exaggerated　self…conceit　that　is　infused　into　the
mind　by　exhortation　to　actions　as　noble；　sublime；　and　magnanimous；
by　which　men　are　led　into　the　delusion　that　it　is　not　duty；　that　is；
respect　for　the　law；　whose　yoke　（an　easy　yoke　indeed；　because　reason
itself　imposes　it　on　us）　they　must　bear；　whether　they　like　it　or
not；　that　constitutes　the　determining　principle　of　their　actions；
and　which　always　humbles　them　while　they　obey　it；　fancying　that
those　actions　are　expected　from　them；　not　from　duty；　but　as　pure
merit。　For　not　only　would　they；　in　imitating　such　deeds　from　such　a
principle；　not　have　fulfilled　the　spirit　of　the　law　in　the　least；
which　consists　not　in　the　legality　of　the　action　（without　regard　to
principle）；　but　in　the　subjection　of　the　mind　to　the　law；　not　only
do　they　make　the　motives　pathological　（seated　in　sympathy　or
self…love）；　not　moral　（in　the　law）；　but　they　produce　in　this　way　a
vain；　high…flying；　fantastic　way　of　thinking；　flattering　themselves
with　a　spontaneous　goodness　of　heart　that　needs　neither　spur　nor
bridle；　for　which　no　mand　is　needed；　and　thereby　forgetting　their
obligation；　which　they　ought　to　think　of　rather　than　merit。　Indeed
actions　of　others　which　are　done　with　great　sacrifice；　and　merely
for　the　sake　of　duty；　may　be　praised　as　noble　and　sublime；　but　only　so
far　as　there　are　traces　which　suggest　that　they　were　done　wholly　out
of　respect　for　duty　and　not　from　excited　feelings。　If　these；
however；　are　set　before　anyone　as　examples　to　be　imitated；　respect　for
duty　（which　is　the　only　true　moral　feeling）　must　be　employed　as　the
motive…　this　severe　holy　precept　which　never　allows　our　vain　self…love
to　dally　with　pathological　impulses　（however　analogous　they　may　be
to　morality）；　and　to　take　a　pride　in　meritorious　worth。　Now　if　we
search　we　shall　find　for　all　actions　that　are　worthy　of　praise　a　law
of　duty　which　mands；　and　does　not　leave　us　to　choose　what　may　be
agreeable　to　our　inclinations。　This　is　the　only　way　of　representing
things　that　can　give　a　moral　training　to　the　soul；　because　it　alone　is
capable　of　solid　and　accurately　defined　principles。
　　If　fanaticism　in　its　most　general　sense　is　a　deliberate　over
stepping　of　the　limits　of　human　reason；　then　moral　fanaticism　is
such　an　over　stepping　of　the　bounds　that　practical　pure　reason　sets　to
mankind；　in　that　it　forbids　us　to　place　the　subjective　determining
principle　of　correct　actions；　that　is；　their　moral　motive；　in　anything
but　the　law　itself；　or　to　place　the　disposition　which　is　thereby
brought　into　the　maxims　in　anything　but　respect　for　this　law；　and
hence　mands　us　to　take　as　the　supreme　vital　principle　of　all
morality　in　men　the　thought　of　duty；　which　strikes　down　all
arrogance　as　well　as　vain　self…love。
　　If　this　is　so；　it　is　not　only　writers　of　romance　or　sentimental
educators　（although　they　may　be　zealous　opponents　of
sentimentalism）；　but　sometimes　even　philosophers；　nay；　even　the
severest　of　all；　the　Stoics；　that　have　brought　in　moral　fanaticism
instead　of　a　sober　but　wise　moral　discipline；　although　the
fanaticism　of　the　latter　was　more　heroic；　that　of　the　former　of　an
insipid；　effeminate　character；　and　we　may；　without　hypocrisy；　say　of
the　moral　teaching　of　the　Gospel；　that　it　first；　by　the　purity　of
its　moral　principle；　and　at　the　same　time　by　its　suitability　to　the
limitations　of　finite　beings；　brought　all　the　good　conduct　of　men
under　the　discipline　of　a　duty　plainly　set　before　their　eyes；　which
does　not　permit　them　to　indulge　in　dreams　of　imaginary　moral
perfections；　and　that　it　also　set　the　bounds　of　humility　（that　is；
self…knowledge）　to　self…conceit　as　well　as　to　self…love；　both　which
are　ready　to　mistake　their　limits。
　　Duty！　Thou　sublime　and　mighty　name　that　dost　embrace　nothing
charming　or　insinuating；　but　requirest　submission；　and　yet　seekest　not
to　move　the　will　by　threatening　aught　that　would　arouse　natural
aversion　or　terror；　but　merely　holdest　forth　a　law　which　of　itself
finds　entrance　into　the　mind；　and　yet　gains　reluctant　reverence
（though　not　always　obedience）；　a　law　before　which　all　inclinations　are
dumb；　even　though　they　secretly　counter…work　it；　what　origin　is
there　worthy　of　thee；　and　where　is　to　be　found　the　root　of　thy　noble
descent　which　proudly　rejects　all　kindred　with　the　inclinations；　a
root　to　be　derived　from　which　is　the　indispensable　condition　of　the
only　worth　which　men　can　give　themselves？
　　It　can　be　nothing　less　than　a　power　which　elevates　man　above　himself
（as　a　part　of　the　world　of　sense）；　a　power　which　connects　him　with
an　order　of　things　that　only　the　understanding　can　conceive；　with　a
world　which　at　the　same　time　mands　the　whole　sensible　world；　and
with　it　the　empirically　determinable　existence　of　man　in　time；　as　well
as　the　sum　total　of　all　ends　（which　totality　alone　suits　such
unconditional　practical　laws　as　the　moral）。　This　power　is　nothing
but　personality；　that　is；　freedom　and　independence　on　the　mechanism　of
nature；　yet；　regarded　also　as　a　faculty　of　a　being　which　is　subject　to
special　laws；　namely；　pure　practical　laws　given　by　its　own　reason；
so　that　the　person　as　belonging　to　the　sensible　world　is　subject　to
his　own　personality　as　belonging　to　the　intelligible　＇supersensible＇
world。　It　is　then　not　to　be　wondered　at　that　man；　as　belonging　to　both
worlds；　must　regard　his　own　nature　in　reference　to　its　second　and
highest　characteristic　only　with　reverence；　and　its　laws　with　the
highest　respect。
　　On　this　origin　are　founded　many　expressions　which　designate　the
worth　of　objects　according　to　moral　ideas。　The　moral　law　is　holy
（inviolable）。　Man　is　indeed　unholy　enough；　but　he　must　regard　humanity
in　his　own　person　as　holy。　In　all　creation　every　thing　one　chooses　and
over　which　one　has　any　power；　may　be　used　merely　as　means；　man
alone；　and　with　him　every　rational　creature；　is　an　end　in　himself。
By　virtue　of　the　autonomy　of　his　freedom　he　is　the　subject　of　the
moral　law；　which　is　holy。　just　for　this　reason　every　will；　even
every　person's　own　individual　will；　in　relation　to　itself；　is
restricted　to　the　condition　of　agreement　with　the　autonomy　of　the
rational　being；　that　is　to　say；　that　it　is　not　to　be　subject　to　any
purpose　which　cannot　accord　with　a　law　which　might　arise　from　the　will
of　the　passive　subject　himself；　the　latter　is；　therefore；　never　to
be　employed　merely　as　means；　but　as　itself　also；　concurrently；　an　end。
We　justly　attribute　this　condition　even　to　the　Divine　will；　with
regard　to　the　rational　beings　in　the　world；　which　are　His　creatures；
since　it　rests　on　their　personality；　by　which　alone　they　are　ends　in
themselves。
　　This　respect…inspiring　idea　of　personality　which　sets　before　our
eyes　the　sublimity　of　our　nature　（in　its　higher　aspect）；　while　at
the　same　time　it　shows　us　the　want　of　accord　of　our　conduct　with　it
and　thereby　strikes　down　self…conceit；　is　even　natural　to　the
monest　reason　and　easily　observed。　Has　not　every　even　moderately
honourable　man　sometimes　found　that；　where　by　an　otherwise　inoffensive
lie　he　might　either　have　withdrawn　himself　from　an　unpleasant
business；　or　even　have　procured　some　advantages　for　a　loved　and
well…deserving　friend；　he　has　avoided　it　solely　lest　he　should　despise
himself　secretly　in　his　own　eyes？　When　an　upright　man　is　in　the
greatest　distress；　which　he　might　have　avoided　if　he　could　only　have
disregarded　duty；　is　he　not　sustained　by　the　consciousness　that　he　has
maintained　humanity　in　its　proper　dignity　in　his　own　person　and
honoured　it；　that　he　has　no　r